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The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone, by Steven Sloman, Philip Fernbach
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“The Knowledge Illusion is filled with insights on how we should deal with our individual ignorance and collective wisdom.” —Steven Pinker
We all think we know more than we actually do.
Humans have built hugely complex societies and technologies, but most of us don’t even know how a pen or a toilet works. How have we achieved so much despite understanding so little? Cognitive scientists Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach argue that we survive and thrive despite our mental shortcomings because we live in a rich community of knowledge. The key to our intelligence lies in the people and things around us. We’re constantly drawing on information and expertise stored outside our heads: in our bodies, our environment, our possessions, and the community with which we interact—and usually we don’t even realize we’re doing it.
The human mind is both brilliant and pathetic. We have mastered fire, created democratic institutions, stood on the moon, and sequenced our genome. And yet each of us is error prone, sometimes irrational, and often ignorant. The fundamentally communal nature of intelligence and knowledge explains why we often assume we know more than we really do, why political opinions and false beliefs are so hard to change, and why individually oriented approaches to education and management frequently fail. But our collaborative minds also enable us to do amazing things. This book contends that true genius can be found in the ways we create intelligence using the world around us.
- Sales Rank: #15823 in eBooks
- Published on: 2017-03-14
- Released on: 2017-03-14
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
“In The Knowledge Illusion, the cognitive scientists Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach hammer another nail into the coffin of the rational individual... positing that not just rationality but the very idea of individual thinking is a myth.” —The New York Times Book Review
“Sloman and Fernbach offer clever demonstrations of how much we take for granted, and how little we actually understand... The book is stimulating, and any explanation of our current malaise that attributes it to cognitive failures—rather than putting it down to the moral wickedness of one group or another—is most welcome. Sloman and Fernbach are working to uproot a very important problem... [The Knowledge Illusion is] written with vigour and humanity.” —Financial Times
“The Knowledge Illusion is at once both obvious and profound: the limitations of the mind are no surprise, but the problem is that people so rarely think about them... In the context of partisan bubbles and fake news, the authors bring a necessary shot of humility: be sceptical of your own knowledge, and the wisdom of your crowd.” —The Economist
“A breezy guide to the mechanisms of human intelligence.” —Psychology Today
“In an increasingly polarized culture where certainty reigns supreme, a book advocating intellectual humility and recognition of the limits of understanding feels both revolutionary and necessary. The fact that it’s a fun and engaging page-turner is a bonus benefit for the reader.” —Publishers Weekly
“An utterly fascinating and unsettling book, The Knowledge Illusion shows us how everything we know is bound together with knowledge of others. Sloman and Fernbach break down many of our assumptions about science, how we think and how we know anything at all about the world in which we live. Despite the wide-scale deconstruction, the authors are upbeat... Anyone engaged in the work of nurturing healthy and flourishing communities will ultimately have to wrestle with the questions posed in this book. Sloman and Fernbach help us to do so gracefully, acknowledging the truth of how little we know, and finding hope in this precarious situation.” —Relevant Magazine
“Between Sloman and Fernbach they have provided an insightful and thought-provoking read on how much the individual knows in relation to the community of knowledge.” —NPJ Journal
“We all know less than we think we do, including how much we know about how much we know. There’s no cure for this condition, but there is a treatment: this fascinating book. The Knowledge Illusion is filled with insights on how we should deal with our individual ignorance and collective wisdom.” —Steven Pinker, Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology, Harvard University, and author of How the Mind Works and The Stuff of Thought
“I love this book. A brilliant, eye-opening treatment of how little each of us knows, and how much all of us know. It's magnificent, and it's also a lot of fun. Read it!” —Cass R. Sunstein, coauthor of Nudge and founder and director, Program on Behavioral Economics and Public Policy, Harvard Law School
“Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach are experts on ignorance. Their absorbing book reveals all the ways we delude ourselves into thinking we know more than we do.” —Jonah Berger, author of Contagious and Invisible Influence
“Cognitive science attempts to understand the workings of the individual mind. In this brilliant book, Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach show us that what cognitive science has learned is how much the individual mind depends on the minds of others. No matter how smart we are, as individuals we know (almost) nothing. Reading this book will inspire you to cultivate your own expertise, but even more, it will inspire you to seek out and appreciate the expertise of others. This book is a blueprint for an enlightened society.” —Barry Schwartz, author of The Paradox of Choice, Practical Wisdom, and Why We Work.
“We radically overestimate how much we know. In this fascinating book, Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach examine the origin and consequences of this knowledge illusion, exploring both the extent of our ignorance and the clever ways in which we overcome it. This is an exceptionally clear and well-reasoned book, and it has some important and radical things to say about everything from the allure of stories to how iPhones make us smarter to the pros and cons of democracy. This is psychology at its best.” —Paul Bloom, Professor of Psychology at Yale University, and author of Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion
About the Author
Steven Sloman is a professor of cognitive, linguistic, and psychological sciences at Brown University. He is the editor in chief of the journal Cognition. He lives with his wife in Providence, Rhode Island. His two children have flown the coop.
Philip Fernbach is a cognitive scientist and professor of marketing at the University of Colorado’s Leeds School of Business. He lives in Boulder, Colorado, with his wife and two children.
Most helpful customer reviews
27 of 28 people found the following review helpful.
Great overview of ignorance and community knowledge, but not enough advice on how to deal with it
By Matt Kruse
This book is a fairly easy introduction to the topics of ignorance, the knowledge illusion, how we fool ourselves, and the value/necessity of storing knowledge in a group and how they came to be. The ideas are explained well with lots of examples. I wish everyone would read this book and really think about how much they don't know. The book directly addresses the current political climate, which makes it even more relevant.
The only thing that tempted me to give it 4 stars was what I thought was a lack of advice on how to deal with these problems. Many pages were spent explaining how human thinking is fragile and how this results in bad effects. But there was very little discussion about how to proceed with this understanding. What are some practical ways to improve the knowledge system so individual ignorance has less of an impact? How does this apply to bosses/managers? Community leaders? Parents? Social Media?
I would welcome a second book about that topic specifically - now that you know all the problems with how we think and where knowledge is actually stored, here are some practical strategies for making the most of it!
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Inspiring, paradigm shifting perspective on knowledge – and what humans can achieve together
By Paul Gibbons
The Knowledge Illusion tells us something depressing – we don’t know nearly as much INDIVIDUALLY as we think, and something liberating – COLLECTIVELY, thinking together, we can achieve magical things.
Day in and day out we use objects, such as a ballpoint pen, about whose inner workings we know nothing. On more complex issues, such as climate change, we may have strong positions – but who among us could describe how global temperatures are measured, what the albedo effect is, what the main sources of greenhouse gasses are, and how climate models (which run on super computers) work?
Professors Sloman and Fernbach start with a tour of cognitive science, including neuroscience, psychology, decision making, and contemporary social psychological research. They illustrate this research with compelling anecdotes making it come alive for the layperson. By the middle of the book I was hooked, as they delve into subjects such as scientific literacy – did you know that only 73% of Americans know that the Earth moves around the Sun and not vice versa?!
In the last half of the book, they offer solutions beyond the commonplace – sure education is important, but if we are right that “we don’t think alone” – what does that imply for the way we teach and learn? What does that mean for communities, teams, political discourse?
In a world where opinions are more polarized than before, despite rich information resources, Sloman and Fernbach invite us to be more humble about our own knowledge, but inspire us with what we can achieve if we drop dogmatic and hubristic stances, and think about knowledge as a collective enterprise.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
''We suffer from an illusion that we understand how things work when in fact our understanding is meager''
By Clay Garner
''Our point is not that people are ignorant. It’s that people are more ignorant than they think they are. We all suffer, to a greater or lesser extent, from an illusion of understanding, an illusion that we understand how things work when in fact our understanding is meager'' (6)
''Illusion of understanding''! Who me?
''The mind is not built to acquire details about every individual object or situation. We learn from experience so that we can generalize to new objects and situations. The ability to act in a new context requires understanding only the deep regularities in the way the world works, not the superficial details.'' (11)
What source do we use?
''Instead of appreciating complexity, people tend to affiliate with one or another social dogma. Because our knowledge is enmeshed with that of others, the community shapes our beliefs and attitudes. It is so hard to reject an opinion shared by our peers that too often we don’t even try to evaluate claims based on their merits. We let our group do our thinking for us. Appreciating the communal nature of knowledge should make us more realistic about what’s determining our beliefs and values.'' (15)
Not me! I decide for myself! Really? George Bernard Shaw wrote . . .
''The warrior of the twentieth century was driven as much by faith as the warrior of the fifteenth century: In the Middle Ages people believed that the earth was flat, for which they had at least the evidence of their senses: we believe it to be round, not because as many as one per cent of us could give the physical reasons for so quaint a belief, but because modern science has convinced us that nothing that is obvious is true, and that everything that is magical, improbable, extraordinary, gigantic, microscopic, heartless, or outrageous is scientific.'' (126)
Wow! You think the earth rotates and the sun is stationary? Don't you believe your eyes?
Introduction: Ignorance and the Community of Knowledge
1 What We Know
2 Why We Think
3 How We Think
4 Why We Think What Isn’t So
5 Thinking with Our Bodies and the World
6 Thinking with Other People
7 Thinking with Technology
8 Thinking About Science
9 Thinking About Politics
10 The New Definition of Smart
11 Making People Smart
12 Making Smarter Decisions
Conclusion: Appraising Ignorance and Illusion
The allure of illusion -
''We’ve seen that people are surprisingly ignorant, more ignorant than they think. We’ve also seen that the world is complex, even more complex than one might have thought. So why aren’t we overwhelmed by this complexity if we’re so ignorant? How can we get around, sound knowledgeable, and take ourselves seriously while understanding only a tiny fraction of what there is to know?''
What to do?
''The answer is that we do so by living a lie. We ignore complexity by overestimating how much we know about how things work, by living life in the belief that we know how things work even when we don’t. We tell ourselves that we understand what’s going on, that our opinions are justified by our knowledge, and that our actions are grounded in justified beliefs even though they are not. We tolerate complexity by failing to recognize it. That’s the illusion of understanding.'' (33)
'Living a lie'! Everybody? 'Illusion of understanding'? Man, this is bad! Professors too?
''When academics encounter a new idea that doesn’t conform to their preconceptions, there’s often a sequence of three reactions: first dismiss, then reject, and finally declare it obvious. The initial reaction to an idea that challenges an academic’s world view is to ignore it: Assume it’s not worthy of one’s time and consideration. If that doesn’t work, if community pressure forces the idea to be confronted, academics come up with reasons to reject it. Academics are terrific at justifying their opposition to an idea. Finally, if the idea is just too good to reject, if the idea hangs on in the community, academics find reasons to claim they knew it all along because it’s self-evident.'' (255)
This conclusion is from self-same academics! 'They just reject it'! Such as . . .
One glaring omission in this work is the neglect of Carl Menger, Ludwig Von Mises, Fredrick Von Hayek and their work on 'use of knowledge in society'. These are world famous scholars with profound insights into this same challenge. Not one mention, either by name or even the concept. Just ignored. Exactly the error this book is attempting to resolve!
Hayek - ''Adam Ferguson expressed it, “nations stumble upon establishments, which are indeed the result of human action but not the result of human design”; and that the spontaneous collaboration of free men often creates things which are greater than their individual minds can ever fully comprehend. This is the great discovery of classical political economy which has become the basis of our understanding not only of economic life but of most truly social phenomena.''
And Bastiat - ''If the market is free, no one can accumulate unless he renders a service to someone else. . . . In reality, said Bastiat, capital is always put at the service of other people who do not own it, and it is always used to satisfy a desire (good or bad) that other people want satisfied. In that important sense, all capital is truly owned in common by the entire community - and the greater accumulation of capital, the more it's benefits are shared in common.''
About two hundred and fifty notes. Every single one is linked to internet! Astounding!
Around five hundred references listed in index. Each one linked to text. Great!
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